X

Cryogenic Electronics for Quantum Computing

By Prof. Sudeb Dasgupta   |   IIT Roorkee
Learners enrolled: 837   |  Exam registration: 14
ABOUT THE COURSE:

This lecture series starts with basics of MOS Device Structure and Physics followed by Cryogenics at Device level and further leads to its implication on Circuit level. The intermediate journey takes the student to Modelling of Cryo-device, and Quantum Qubits and Architecture of Interface Configurable Hardware Components. One of the salient features of the lectures are its synthesis or design-oriented approach, which helps the student to find the solution to generic problems for certain specs of input data and output requirements. Problem solving in the class and through assignments are essential for getting a ‘hold’ on the subject. This lecture series takes care of the same. I believe that the students/learners will be greatly benefitted by this experience.

INTENDED AUDIENCE: Undergraduate (Final year- Elective) /Postgraduate/PhD/ VLSI Industry Working Professional

PREREQUISITES:  
1. Basic Mathematics
  2. Basic semiconductor

INDUSTRY SUPPORT: TCAD and EDA Companies, Semiconductor companies such as NXP, Cadence, IBM
Summary
Course Status : Upcoming
Course Type : Elective
Language for course content : English
Duration : 12 weeks
Category :
  • Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering
  • VLSI design
Credit Points : 3
Level : Undergraduate/Postgraduate
Start Date : 21 Jul 2025
End Date : 10 Oct 2025
Enrollment Ends : 28 Jul 2025
Exam Registration Ends : 15 Aug 2025
Exam Date : 26 Oct 2025 IST
NCrF Level   : 4.5 — 8.0

Note: This exam date is subject to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.


Page Visits



Course layout

Week 1: Foundation of Quantum Mechanics

Class 1: Principles of Quantum Mechanics- Energy Quanta, Wave–Particle Duality, The Uncertainty Principle 
Class 2: Schrodinger’s Wave Equation, Extension of the Wave Theory to Atoms, 
Class 3: Allowed and Forbidden Energy Bands-Formation of Energy Bands, The Kronig–Penney Model, K Space Diagram
Class 4: Electrical Conduction in Solids-The Energy Band and the Bond Model, Drift Current, Electron Effective Mass
Class 5: Density of States Function (as a function of Temperature), Statistical Mechanics- The Fermi Dirac Probability Function (as a function of Temperature), The Distribution Function and the Fermi Energy, Quasi Fermi Level 

Week 2: Basic MOS Device Physics

Class 1: Basic MOSFET Structure, symbol and working as a Switch 
Class 2: MOSFET Operation- Depletion, Accumulation and Inversion 
Class 3: MOSFET I/V Characteristics- threshold voltage, I/V Characteristics, Transconductance
Class 4: Second-Order Effects – (a) Body Effect
Class 5: Second Order Effects- (b) Channel Length Modulation, (c) Subthreshold Conduction 


Week 3: Cryogenic Electronics

Class 1: Introduction to Cryogenics in Electronics 
Class 2: Cryogenic Coolant/Fluids used 
Class 3: Transition in Properties of materials with variation in Temperature 
Class 4: Semiconductor devices at Room Temperature@300 K 
Class 5: Semiconductor devices at Low Temperature@ below 150 K and 77K

Week 4: Analysis of Device Physics at Low Temperature 

Class 1: Change in Bandgap at Low Temperature
Class 2: Change in Intrinsic Carrier concentration 
Class 3: Lowering in the level of Fermi Energy 
Class 4: Effect of Freeze-out on dopant atom concentration
Class 5: Complete Effect of Overall Phenomenon 

Week 5: Modelling of Cryo-MOS Device

Class 1: Introduction to Modelling of Cryo-MOS Device
Class 2: Device Performance Modelling at Cryogenic Temperatures
Class 3: Semiconductor Device Equations at Low Temperature 
Class 4: Incomplete Ionization Models
Class 5: Mobility Models: Scattering effect

Week 6: Impact of Cryogenic Temperature on MOS Device Physics 

Class 1: Change in Threshold Voltage 
Class 2: Effect on Mobility 
Class 3: Effect on leakage and saturation current  
Class 4: Kink-observed at higher VDS due to Impact Ionization 
Class 5: Subthreshold Swing and Transconductance  

Week 7: Variability in Cryogenic based device 

Class 1: Introduction to MOS Capacitance 
Class 2: Traps and Defects at Cryogenic Temperatures 
Class 3: C-V Characteristics: High-Frequency and Low Frequency Capacitance 
Class 4: Characterization Techniques 
Class 5: Cryogenic MOS Capacitance Modeling
Class 6: Noise Performance and Flicker Noise  

Week 8: Cryo-CMOS Configurable Hardware Components 

Class 1: Cryo-ADC 
Class 2: Cryo-Low Noise Amplifiers 
Class 3: Multiplexers and Circulators
Class 4: Cryo-Oscillators 
Class 5: Cryo-Power Management Circuits and Sensors and Sensor Interfaces 
Class 6: Cryo-Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs)

Week 9: Quantum Qubits And Architecture of Quantum Computers 

Class 1: Introduction to Qubits
Class 2: Properties of Qubits 
Class 3: Architecture of Quantum Computers 
Class 4: Interfacing Quantum Processor with Classical Controllers
Class 5: Quantum Gates and Operations
Class 6: Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Communication 


Week 10: Cryo-CMOS Configurable Hardware Components 

Class 1: Single Qubit System 
Class 2: Extension to multi-Qubit systems 
Class 3: Multiplexing DC and I/O signal for 4 qubits
Class 4: Multiplexing techniques based on FDMA, TDMA, SDMA
Class 5: Future trends –Number of Qubits required?
Class 6: Quantum Gate Operations and Quantum Circuits  

Week 11: Sensing/ Metrology 

Class 1: Introduction to Quantum Metrology- Mathematical Foundation
Class 2: Quantum Sensing and it’s real world application
Class 3: Challenges to Metrology and Sensing 
Class 4: SPADS- Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Sensors 
Class 5: Challenges to Quantum Technology 
Class 6: Quantum Information Processing in Sensing and Metrology

Week 12: Methodologies for Sensing 

Class 1: Qubit readout front-end circuits for (a) Spin qubit
Class 2: Qubit readout front-end circuits for (b) Transmon qubit 
Class 3: Sensing the Qubits- Optical Technique
Class 4: Sensing the Qubits- Microwave Technique 
Class 5:  Recapitulation

Books and references

1. Chien, Wei Chen, Shun Jhou Jhan, Kuei Lin Chiu, Yu xi Liu, Eric Kao, and Ching Ray Chang. 2020. “Cryogenic Materials and Circuit Integration for Quantum Computers.” Journal of Electronic Materials 49 (11): 6844–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-02008442-x.
2. Balestra, F. and Ghibaudo, G. eds., 2001, “Device and circuit cryogenic operation for low temperature electronics,” (pp. 3-35). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3. Charbon, E., Sebastiano, F., Vladimirescu, A., Homulle, H., Visser, S., Song, L. and Incandela, R.M., 2016, December. Cryo-CMOS for quantum computing. In 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) (pp. 13-5). IEEE.
4. D. Neamen, “Semiconductor physics and devices: basic principles,” McGraw Hill New York, NY: 2012.
5. Patra, Bishnu, Rosario M. Incandela, Jeroen PG Van Dijk, Harald AR Homulle, Lin Song, Mina Shahmohammadi, Robert Bogdan Staszewski et al. "Cryo-CMOS circuits and systems for quantum computing applications." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 53, no. 1 (2017): 309-321.

Instructor bio

Prof. Sudeb Dasgupta

IIT Roorkee
Prof. Sudeb Dasgupta is currently working as a Professor in Microelectronics/VLSI in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. He has around 24 years of teaching experience at undergraduate and post-graduate level. His research interest is in device modelling, device-circuit co-design, radiation hardened technologies, Compute-in-memory. He is also working in the area of low-power design and data converters for bio-medical applications. He has published more than 250 papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He has graduated 17 research scholars in various areas of devices and circuits.


Details are available here:
https://ece.iitr.ac.in/sudeb-dasgupta/
https://sudebdasgupta.wixsite.com/sudebdasgupta

Course certificate

The course is free to enroll and learn from. But if you want a certificate, you have to register and write the proctored exam conducted by us in person at any of the designated exam centres.
The exam is optional for a fee of Rs 1000/- (Rupees one thousand only).
Date and Time of Exams: October 26, 2025 Morning session 9am to 12 noon; Afternoon Session 2pm to 5pm.
Registration url: Announcements will be made when the registration form is open for registrations.
The online registration form has to be filled and the certification exam fee needs to be paid. More details will be made available when the exam registration form is published. If there are any changes, it will be mentioned then.
Please check the form for more details on the cities where the exams will be held, the conditions you agree to when you fill the form etc.

CRITERIA TO GET A CERTIFICATE

Average assignment score = 25% of average of best 8 assignments out of the total 12 assignments given in the course.
Exam score = 75% of the proctored certification exam score out of 100

Final score = Average assignment score + Exam score

Please note that assignments encompass all types (including quizzes, programming tasks, and essay submissions) available in the specific week.

YOU WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR A CERTIFICATE ONLY IF AVERAGE ASSIGNMENT SCORE >=10/25 AND EXAM SCORE >= 30/75. If one of the 2 criteria is not met, you will not get the certificate even if the Final score >= 40/100.

Certificate will have your name, photograph and the score in the final exam with the breakup.It will have the logos of NPTEL and IIT Roorkee. It will be e-verifiable at nptel.ac.in/noc.

Only the e-certificate will be made available. Hard copies will not be dispatched.

Once again, thanks for your interest in our online courses and certification. Happy learning.

- NPTEL team


MHRD logo Swayam logo

DOWNLOAD APP

Goto google play store

FOLLOW US