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Earthquake Geology: A Tool for Seismic Hazard Assessment

By Prof. Javed N. Malik   |   IIT Kanpur
Learners enrolled: 33
ABOUT THE COURSE:

Before 1970, the assessment of earthquake hazards in the United States and the USSR relied solely on the historical earthquake record. However, modern approaches emphasize investigating seismically active faults to conduct paleoseismic studies, which play a crucial role in both regional and site-specific seismic hazard assessment. In many seismically active regions of the world, including the Himalayan belt, numerous active fault zones lack a historical record of large-magnitude earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies are now widely practiced in countries such as the United States, Japan, and New Zealand. These studies have contributed significantly to understanding individual paleoseismic (ancient earthquake) events, the behavior of specific active fault segments, faulting rates, and reconstructing the history of large-magnitude earthquakes, including their recurrence intervals. Such studies are essential for assessing the probability and potential severity of future earthquakes, providing valuable information for societal preparedness and risk mitigation. Paleoseismology is an emerging field in India, with significant potential for advancing earthquake hazard assessment. This course is designed for postgraduate (PG) and undergraduate (UG) students to help them develop a strong foundation in this field.

INDUSTRY SUPPORT: Any company involved in infrastructure development
Summary
Course Status : Upcoming
Course Type : Core
Language for course content : English
Duration : 12 weeks
Category :
  • Earth Sciences
Credit Points : 3
Level : Undergraduate/Postgraduate
Start Date : 21 Jul 2025
End Date : 10 Oct 2025
Enrollment Ends : 28 Jul 2025
Exam Registration Ends : 15 Aug 2025
Exam Date : 02 Nov 2025 IST
NCrF Level   : 4.5 — 8.0

Note: This exam date is subject to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.


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Course layout

Week 1:  Crustal Deformation, Earthquakes, and Plate Tectonics
This introductory week covers the fundamentals of crustal deformation and its link to seismicity. Students will explore the principles of plate tectonics, the mechanisms driving earthquakes, and their global distribution. Key topics include the role of crustal deformation in earthquake generation and seismic hazard assessment. Discussions will focus on compressional, extensional, and transverse tectonic regimes, providing a foundation for understanding tectonic landforms and active faults.

Week 2: Signatures of Prehistoric Earthquakes (Primary and Secondary)
This week will examine the primary and secondary signatures of prehistoric earthquakes, such as fault scarps, surface ruptures, liquefaction features, and landslides. Emphasis will be placed on how these features are preserved in different tectonic settings. The week introduces methods for identifying and interpreting these features in landforms and sediment successions.

Week 3: Advanced Analysis of Earthquake Signatures
Building on the previous week, this section delves deeper into analyzing sedimentary successions that preserve deformation features. Students will learn about the development of primary and secondary earthquake signatures specific to different tectonic environments. Case studies will illustrate how these features contribute to paleoseismic reconstructions.

Week 4: Active Faults and Tectonic Landforms in Compressional, Extensional, and Transverse Settings (Part I)
This week focuses on identifying and mapping active faults and associated tectonic landforms. Topics include mapping of active fault scarps, sag ponds, shutter ridges, pressure ridges, and drainage anomalies using high resolution satellite data. Photogeologic mapping and remote sensing techniques will be introduced as tools to study these features in compressional, extensional, and transverse tectonic environments.

Week 5: Advanced Fault Mapping and Structural Analysis (Part II)
Continuing from the previous week, students will explore advanced mapping techniques and structural analyses of active faults. The implications of faults in different tectonic settings will be discussed in relation to regional-scale tectonics and seismic hazards. Special attention will be given to integrating remote sensing data and field observations.

Week 6: Field Techniques in Paleoseismology (Part I) 
This week emphasizes practical methods for investigating active faults and prehistoric earthquakes. Students will learn precise surface and subsurface mapping of fault scarps, trenching techniques to expose deformed sedimentary layers, and methods to identify ancient seismic events. The interpretation of trench logs and deformation patterns in compressional, extensional, and transverse environments will be covered.

Week 7: Field Techniques and Quantitative Analysis (Part II)
Building on the previous week, students will develop skills to estimate key seismic parameters, including net displacement during individual events, slip rates, and earthquake magnitudes. Recurrence intervals and the prediction of future seismic activity will also be addressed. Field-based case studies will illustrate faulting behavior across various tectonic settings.

Week 8: Secondary Effects of Earthquakes and Dating Techniques
This week focuses on secondary earthquake effects, such as paleo-liquefaction features, and their importance in reconstructing seismic histories. Dating techniques, including Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Radiocarbon (C14), will be discussed in detail. Students will learn how these techniques are applied to constrain the timing of prehistoric earthquakes in compressional, extensional, and transverse tectonic environments.

Week 9: Paleo-Tsunami Geology (Part I)
Students will explore the identification and interpretation of paleo-tsunami deposits, focusing on their connection to mega-subduction zone earthquakes in compressional settings. Topics include tsunami sedimentology, coastal deformation processes, and the preservation of tsunami signatures in stratigraphic records.

Week 10: Land-Level Changes and Climatic vs. Tectonic Impacts (Part II)
This week covers land-level changes caused by major earthquakes, such as subsidence and uplift in compressional environments. Students will learn to differentiate between tectonic and climatic influences on coastal sedimentary records. Discussions will also explore the role of extensional and transverse settings in shaping coastal deformation and sedimentation.

Week 11: Effects of Near-Field and Far-Field Tsunamis (Part III)
The focus this week is on analyzing the stratigraphic records of near-field and far-field earthquakes and tsunamis. Students will learn how to differentiate between these events based on sedimentological and geomorphic evidence. Case studies from various tectonic settings will highlight the diverse impacts of tsunamis on geological records.

Week 12: Field Study on Active Faults and Tectonic Landforms 
The course concludes with a hands-on field study focused on identifying and mapping active faults and associated landforms. Students will apply their theoretical knowledge to document fault scarps, tectonic landforms, and secondary earthquake effects in compressional, extensional, and transverse tectonic environments. The integration of field data into paleoseismic interpretations will consolidate their understanding of seismic hazards and their implications for society.

Books and references

  1. McCalpin, J., 1996. Paleoseismology. Academic Press, 588. 
  2. Yeats, R. S., Sieh, K., and Allen, C. R., 1997. Geology of Earthquakes. Oxford Univ. Press, 568p. 
  3. Burbank, D. W., and Anderson, R. S., 2001. Tectonic Geomorphology. Blackwell Science. 274p. 
  4. Keller, E. D. (2012). Introduction to Environmental Geology. Printice Hall. Page 801.

Instructor bio

Prof. Javed N. Malik

IIT Kanpur
- Prof. Javed N. Malik finished his Ph. D in 1998 from M. S. University Baroda, Vadodara. Gujarat (Geology), did Post-Doctrate (Japan Society for Promotion of Science) from (1999-2001) Hiroshima University, JAPAN. 
- Joined IIT Kanpur in 2001. 

Area of Specialization: Active Tectonics, Paleoseismology and Paleo-tsunami 

Current Areas of Research: 
• Active fault mapping and Paleoseismological studies along NW Himalaya and Kachchh 
• Paleo-Tsunami studies in Andaman & Nicobar Islands 
• Collaboration with Japan, US and France – related to earthquake and tsunami studies 

Research Projects: 
• Active tectonic investigation along northwestern Himalayan foothill zone, sponsored by DST 
• Active fault mapping and paleoseismic investigations in Kachchh region. Gujarat, by OYO International Japan. 
• Active Tectonic investigations around South-Middle Andaman and Car Nicobar Islands, A&N Islands, sponsored by INCOIS, Hyderabad, MoES.

Course certificate

The course is free to enroll and learn from. But if you want a certificate, you have to register and write the proctored exam conducted by us in person at any of the designated exam centres.
The exam is optional for a fee of Rs 1000/- (Rupees one thousand only).
Date and Time of Exams: November 02, 2025 Morning session 9am to 12 noon; Afternoon Session 2pm to 5pm.
Registration url: Announcements will be made when the registration form is open for registrations.
The online registration form has to be filled and the certification exam fee needs to be paid. More details will be made available when the exam registration form is published. If there are any changes, it will be mentioned then.
Please check the form for more details on the cities where the exams will be held, the conditions you agree to when you fill the form etc.

CRITERIA TO GET A CERTIFICATE

Average assignment score = 25% of average of best 8 assignments out of the total 12 assignments given in the course.
Exam score = 75% of the proctored certification exam score out of 100

Final score = Average assignment score + Exam score

Please note that assignments encompass all types (including quizzes, programming tasks, and essay submissions) available in the specific week.

YOU WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR A CERTIFICATE ONLY IF AVERAGE ASSIGNMENT SCORE >=10/25 AND EXAM SCORE >= 30/75. If one of the 2 criteria is not met, you will not get the certificate even if the Final score >= 40/100.

Certificate will have your name, photograph and the score in the final exam with the breakup.It will have the logos of NPTEL and IIT Kanpur. It will be e-verifiable at nptel.ac.in/noc.

Only the e-certificate will be made available. Hard copies will not be dispatched.

Once again, thanks for your interest in our online courses and certification. Happy learning.

- NPTEL team


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