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Sustainable Groundwater Management

By Prof. Elango Lakshmanan   |   IIT Madras
Learners enrolled: 2623   |  Exam registration: 128
ABOUT THE COURSE:

Groundwater is a critical resource that sustains ecosystems, supports agriculture, and provides drinking water to billions of people worldwide. It plays a central role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those focused on water security. However, rapid groundwater extraction and contamination, potentially exacerbated by climate change, have placed immense pressure on this vital resource. If not properly managed, over-extraction and contamination can result in severe consequences, including declining water tables, saltwater intrusion, and deteriorating water quality. This underscores the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management to ensure long-term water security.

This course offers a comprehensive understanding of groundwater systems, with a strong emphasis on practical approaches to sustainability. Key topics include the impacts of climate change, sustainability indicators, and strategies such as Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), aquifer rejuvenation, and mitigation. Special attention is given to emerging contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluoride, and chromium.

Students will also gain an exposure to groundwater modeling techniques for predicting future water availability and assessing climate change impacts. The course further integrates policy frameworks, governance strategies, and community-based approaches essential for effective groundwater conservation in both urban and agricultural contexts. Several case studies conducted by the instructor at various sites will be presented to enrich learning.

INTENDED AUDIENCE: Civil Engineering /Water Resources Management/ Mining Engineering / Water Resources Engineering / Environmental Engineering / Geotechnical Engineering / Geology / Applied Geology / Geography / Environmental Science/Engineering / Management

PREREQUISITES: 12th Std Maths, Physics, Chemistry

INDUSTRY SUPPORT: Construction/Geotechnical Companies, Environmental Consultancy Companies, Groundwater Exploration Consultants, EIA Consultants
Summary
Course Status : Ongoing
Course Type : Elective
Language for course content : English
Duration : 12 weeks
Category :
  • Civil Engineering
  • Geography
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Environment
  • Energy, Climate and Sustainability
Credit Points : 3
Level : Undergraduate/Postgraduate
Start Date : 21 Jul 2025
End Date : 10 Oct 2025
Enrollment Ends : 04 Aug 2025
Exam Registration Ends : 15 Aug 2025
Exam Date : 02 Nov 2025 IST
NCrF Level   : 4.5 — 8.0

Note: This exam date is subject to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.


Page Visits



Course layout

Week 1: Fundamentals of Groundwater Systems: Sustainable Development Goals; Role of groundwater; safe yield; Sustainability indicators; Global groundwater uses and over; impacts of groundwater depletion; extraction; 

Week 2: Groundwater occurrence and flow: Hydrologic cycle,  occurrence in different formations; vertical distribution; Aquifers, Basic concepts of storage; groundwater movement, flow velocity, hydraulic conductivity; transmissivity; 

Week 3: Aquifer tests and Sustainable Yield: Pumping test types: constant rate, recovery; step drawdown tests; slug tests; Well loss estimation; Specific capacity; Relation among Q, Sw, Well loss, well radius vs K; Well efficiency; Reduction in specific capacity; Causes; Redevelopment; Aquifer depletion; Clogging; Abandonment of wells;

Week 4: Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions and Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem (GDE): Groundwater recharge and discharge; Interdependence of groundwater and surface water systems; Groundwater recharge estimation; Groundwater’s role in ecosystems, groundwater and ecosystem; ecosystems and conservation strategies; Threats to the dependent ecosystem; sustainable management plan for GDE;

Week 5: Groundwater Sustainability by Aquifer Recharge and Rejuvenation: Perceptives of groundwater  sustainability; Natural recharge mechanisms and their role in groundwater sustainability; capture; Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR); Aquifer rejuvenation approaches for overexploited regions; Impact assessment; Case studies; 

Week 6: Hydrochemistry and Groundwater Quality: Chemical composition of groundwater; units of concentration: graphical representation; Hydrochemical facies; Evolution of groundwater chemistry; Mixing of waters; MAR and hydrogeochemistry; Groundwater quality criteria; 

Week 7: Isotopes and Groundwater Contamination: Applications of isotopes in groundwater studies; recharge estimation; contamination and seepage studies; sustainable groundwater management and groundwater contamination; sources and types of contaminants; Organic pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in groundwater; Advanced tools for monitoring and remediation; vulnerability and hazard;  Risk Management; Sustainable management for addressing groundwater contamination; 

Week 8: Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers: Principles, causes, and seawater-fresh groundwater interface; methods of identification; management strategies to control intrusion; Regional case studies: sustainable management of coastal aquifers;

Week 9: Groundwater Modelling for Sustainable Management: Overview of groundwater models; groundwater flow equation; numerical models; modelling protocol; Predictive modelling for contaminant transport and seawater intrusion and management; case studies on models to assess groundwater sustainability under different hydrological stress.

Week 10: Urban and Agricultural Groundwater Management: Challenges of groundwater use in urban settings; Sustainable groundwater use in agriculture; Community-based groundwater conservation initiatives; Case studies: Groundwater sustainability solutions in rural and urban environments; Water auditing; 

Week 11: Governance, Policy, and Institutional Frameworks: Legal and regulatory aspects of groundwater management; transboundary aquifers; water rights, groundwater ownership and policy challenges; Resources evaluation and planning; Global case studies: Policy interventions for groundwater sustainability;

Week 12: Future Challenges and Innovations in Groundwater Management: Climate change impacts on groundwater availability and quality; Urbanisation; Land subsidence;  Application of AI and ML techniques; Innovations in groundwater conservation and governance; Formulating policy and community participation for long-term solutions; future of sustainable groundwater management;

Books and references

  1. Fetter C W and Kreamer D ( 2022) Applied Hydrogeology, Waveland Pr Inc 
  2. Todd D.K (2000) Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons. 
  3. Chandra S. P. Ojha, Rao Y. Surampalli, András Bárdossy, Tian C., Chih-Ming (Eds) (2017) Sustainable Water Resources Management, American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia 20191-4382.
  4. Clark, Ian D and Peter Fritz (1997) Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. CRC Press 
  5. Acharya, D. (2021) Water and Public Policy in India: Politics, Rights, and Governance. Routledge 
  6. Saha, D, Marwaha, S and Mukherjee, A. (2017) Clean and Sustainable Groundwater in India.Springer Hydrogeology

Instructor bio

Prof. Elango Lakshmanan

IIT Madras
Prof. Elango Lakshmanan has been actively engaged in teaching and research in the broad field of groundwater hydrology since 1986. He has held several leadership roles in international scientific bodies: Vice President (2014–2019) of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences; Co-President (2022–2024) of the International Commission on Water Quality under IAHS; Vice President (2012–2019) of the Indian Chapter of the International Association of Hydrogeologists; and President (2010–2015) of the Association of Global Groundwater Scientists. He coordinated a major capacity-building initiative funded by the World Bank under the National Hydrology Project, training over 350 scientists and engineers from various State Water Resources Departments. He has organised four international workshops sponsored by UNESCO’s International Hydrology Programme, benefiting researchers from the Asian region. Prof. Lakshmanan has successfully led nine international research projects supported by prestigious organisations, including the European Commission, the British Geological Survey, the Australian Research Council, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Department of Science and Technology, and the University Grants Commission. In addition, he has executed 26 national research projects with a cumulative funding of ₹18 crores, sponsored by MHRD, CSIR, UGC, DST, BRNS, SERB, MoES, and DoS. Prof. Elango Lakshmanan’s work has contributed to the sustainable groundwater management across India’s diverse aquifer systems. His research integrates advanced numerical modelling techniques to simulate groundwater flow and pollutant transport, supporting long-term aquifer viability. He has extensively studied managed aquifer recharge strategies to rejuvenate overexploited water sources, particularly in semi-arid and urban regions. His investigations include risk assessments of contaminants such as fluoride, uranium, and heavy metals. He has employed innovative tools like fuzzy logic and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast groundwater quality and associated health risks. His studies have addressed seawater intrusion in coastal zones and evaluated the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources. His work on urban water systems, especially in Chennai, demonstrates how rainwater harvesting can boost groundwater levels substantially. Through numerous peer-reviewed publications, leadership in national and international projects, and impactful capacity-building efforts, Prof. Lakshmanan has contributed to developing science-based approaches for protecting and conserving groundwater resources in India and similar hydrogeological settings worldwide.

Expert lectures:
Besides the course instructor, the following subject experts have delivered lectures on different aspects of Sustainable Groundwater Management.  

Mr Nitin Bassi, Senior Programme Lead, Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), New Delhi, India
Title of the lecture: Policy interventions for sustainable groundwater management

Dr. R. D. Deshpande, Former Chairman, Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Title of the lecture: Applications of isotopic techniques in groundwater hydrology

Prof. Ahmed S. Elshall, Department of Bioengineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, USA
Title of the lecture: Interaction of science and policy for sustainable groundwater management

Prof. Brindha Karthikeyan, Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands
Title of the lecture: Integrated water resources management – Concepts, challenges, and opportunities

Dr. Paul Pavelic, Senior Researcher – Hydrogeology, International Water Management Institute, Lao PDR
Title of the lecture: Impact assessment of MAR structures

Dr. Y. R. Satyaji Rao, Director, National Institute of Hydrology, Ministry of Jak Shakti, Roorkee
Title of the lecture: River Bank Filtration Process Using Groundwater Flow Modelling and Particle Tracking Approach in a Saline Coastal Aquifer

Prof. P. Sakthivel, The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai, India
Title of the lecture: Groundwater governance, regulations, and law

Dr. M. Senthilkumar, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India, Chennai, India
Title of the lecture: Sustainable groundwater management initiatives in India

Prof. S. Srinivasan, Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Title of the lecture: Participatory approaches in water management

Course certificate

The course is free to enroll and learn from. But if you want a certificate, you have to register and write the proctored exam conducted by us in person at any of the designated exam centres.
The exam is optional for a fee of Rs 1000/- (Rupees one thousand only).
Date and Time of Exams: November 02, 2025 Morning session 9am to 12 noon; Afternoon Session 2pm to 5pm.
Registration url: Announcements will be made when the registration form is open for registrations.
The online registration form has to be filled and the certification exam fee needs to be paid. More details will be made available when the exam registration form is published. If there are any changes, it will be mentioned then.
Please check the form for more details on the cities where the exams will be held, the conditions you agree to when you fill the form etc.

CRITERIA TO GET A CERTIFICATE

Average assignment score = 25% of average of best 8 assignments out of the total 12 assignments given in the course.
Exam score = 75% of the proctored certification exam score out of 100

Final score = Average assignment score + Exam score

Please note that assignments encompass all types (including quizzes, programming tasks, and essay submissions) available in the specific week.

YOU WILL BE ELIGIBLE FOR A CERTIFICATE ONLY IF AVERAGE ASSIGNMENT SCORE >=10/25 AND EXAM SCORE >= 30/75. If one of the 2 criteria is not met, you will not get the certificate even if the Final score >= 40/100.

Certificate will have your name, photograph and the score in the final exam with the breakup.It will have the logos of NPTEL and IIT Madras .It will be e-verifiable at nptel.ac.in/noc.

Only the e-certificate will be made available. Hard copies will not be dispatched.

Once again, thanks for your interest in our online courses and certification. Happy learning.

- NPTEL team


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