Week 1: INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS & SIGNAL PROCESSING
Introduction to measurements – Sensors & Transducers, Generalized measurement system- Characteristics of Measurement system, Overview of amplifiers - Gain, bandwidth, input impedance, output impedance. Overview of signal processing - Filtering techniques (low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass, notch filters), Noise sources, and reduction techniques.
Week 2: BASIC SENSOR TYPES AND MOTION MEASUREMENTOverview of Basic sensor types and their principles- Resistive: Strain gauges, thermistors, Capacitive: Pressure & displacement sensors, Inductive: LVDT, eddy current sensors, Piezoelectric: Force & vibration sensors, Hall Effect: Magnetic field sensors. Measurement of Linear and Rotational movements
Week 3: PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS PART 1: FORCE, AND TEMPERATURE Measurement of Force & Torque -Load cells, strain gauge based sensors - Applications in prosthetics and rehabilitation. Measurement of Body Temperature - Contact-based sensors: Thermocouples, thermistors -Infrared temperature sensors.
Week 4: PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS PART 2: PRESSURE, FLOW AND VOLUMEMeasurement of Pressure - Piezoelectric, capacitive, and strain gauge pressure sensors- Blood pressure measurement techniques (sphygmomanometer, catheter-based). Measurement of Flow & Volume in Arteries, Veins & Tissues - Electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and thermal flow meters - Plethysmography and cardiac output measurement.
Week 5: MEASUREMENT OF BIOPOTENTIAL AND ELECTRODES
Measurement of Biopotential – Origin of Biopotential – Overview of Biopotential electrodes- Electrode – Electrolyte interface, Electrode-skin interface, types of biopotential electrodes and Recording issues – Motion artifacts and Impedance mismatching.
Week 6: BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PART I
ECG (Electrocardiogram) Measurement - Einthoven’s triangle, standard 12-lead system, Electrode placement and lead configurations. EEG (Electroencephalography) Measurement - 10-20 electrode system, unipolar & bipolar configurations, Brain wave classification (delta, theta, alpha, beta).EMG (Electromyography) Measurement - Signal acquisition and muscle activity analysis.
Week 7: BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PART II
ERG (Electroretinogram) & EOG (Electrooculography) - Eye movement and retinal potential monitoring – unipolar and bipolar mode. GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) & PCG (Phonocardiogram).
Week 8: BIO-AMPLIFIERS AND BIOSIGNAL CONDITIONING
Bio-amplifiers - Need for Bio-Amplifiers, Types of Bio- Amplifiers: Single-ended bio-amplifier, Differential bio amplifier, Right-leg driven ECG amplifier, Filtering & Interference Reduction: Band-pass, notch, and adaptive filtering, Power-line interference reduction techniques, Isolation Techniques: Optical isolation, transformer-based isolation, Amplifier Types:: Isolated DC amplifiers, AC carrier amplifiers, chopper amplifiers
Week 9: MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION PART I
Blood Pressure Measurement (Sphygmomanometer) – Direct and Indirect Methods. Ventilators - Pressure vs. volume controlled ventilators, Sensors in ventilators (flow, pressure, oxygen sensors). Pacemakers - External and implantable pacemakers.
Week 10: MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION PART II
Defibrillators- Monophasic & biphasic defibrillators. Pulse Oximeters - Principle of SpO2 measurement. Hemodialysis Machines- Dialysis process and monitoring parameters.
Week 11: LASER APPLICATION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
LASER- Principle of LASER operation and its characteristics. Types of LASERs – Pulsed Ruby LASER, Nd-YAG LASER – Helium-Neon LASER– CO2 LASER – Semiconductor Laser and their biomedical application. Overview of LASER safety standards – Biological effects, LASER Hazard classification and safety measures
Week 12: ELECTRICAL ISOLATION AND SAFETY STANDARDS
Optical & Electrical Isolation Techniques, Leakage Currents in Medical Devices, Grounding & Protection Mechanisms, Standards for Biomedical Equipment Safety : IEC 60601 (Medical Electrical Equipment Standard), FDA Regulations for Medical Devices, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) & Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
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